Class 6 English Poorvi Unit 1 Solutions: Fables and Folk Tales

Unit overview: three stories, one idea

Unit 1 teaches that real success comes from your own effort, humility and presence of mind, not from magic, flattery or luck. Each text delivers this lesson in a different form, so read them as three views of the same truth.

Fable and folk tale. A fable is a short story, usually with animal characters, that ends with a clear moral. A folk tale is a story handed down by word of mouth in a community; its characters are often ordinary people and its lesson is practical. The Raven and the Fox is a fable in verse; the other two are folk-tale style stories.

How to use this document. For each text you get a summary, a deep analysis, and then complete answers to every exercise in the order of the book. Answers marked personal are sample answers; write your own in your words. Section 7 compares the three texts and lists likely exam questions.

1. A Bottle of Dew: summary and deep analysis

Rama Natha ignores his inherited land to chase a magic potion, and a sage tricks him into six years of farming that makes him rich. The lesson is that effort, not magic, creates wealth.

Summary

Part I. Rama Natha, son of a rich landlord, believes a potion exists that turns any object into gold. He spends his time and money on this search and is cheated again and again, yet never gives up. His wife Madhumati worries that they will soon be penniless. When the famous sage Mahipati visits, Rama Natha asks him about the potion. The sage says it can be made: plant a banana plant, water it with your own hands, collect the winter dew in a bottle, and bring five litres to him so he can chant over it. Rama Natha worries that this will take years, and the sage tells him he may plant as many plants as he likes, but must care for them himself.

Part II. Rama Natha clears his empty fields and plants rows of bananas. He tends them and collects dew every winter, while Madhumati sells the fruit at the market for a good price. After six years he has a huge plantation and five litres of dew. The sage mutters over the bottle, but the drops do nothing to a copper vessel, and Rama Natha cries cheating. The sage then has Madhumati open a box of gold coins and explains that the plantation, not magic, produced the wealth. Rama Natha understands and works even harder.

Characters

Deep analysis

1. The sage teaches by a trick, not a lecture. He says himself that Rama Natha would not have listened if told directly. A person who is sure of a belief ignores advice that contradicts it, so the sage first agrees with the belief and then steers it. The lesson is learnt by living it, which is why it lasts.
2. The conditions of the potion are the lesson in disguise. Plant it yourself, water it with your hands, collect dew only in winter, reach five litres. Each condition blocks a shortcut: no servants, no buying, no hurrying. The impossible-looking recipe is a plan for years of steady work.
3. Dew as a symbol of patience. A single drop of dew is tiny and forms only overnight. Five litres needs a huge number of drops, just as wealth needs a huge number of small efforts. The story suggests that small, regular work adds up to something big.
4. Persistence needs the right direction. The most striking fact about Rama Natha is that he does not give up even when cheated. His persistence was never the problem; his goal was. The sage keeps the persistence and redirects it from a fantasy to farming.
5. Irony of the ending. Rama Natha shouts that he has been cheated and has wasted six precious years. In truth he has gained a plantation, savings and a new outlook. The sage did trick him, but the trick was the biggest gift he received.
6. Madhumati is a partner, not a side character. The sage points out that while Rama Natha looked after the trees, his wife sold the fruit. Wealth came from a team, and her sense of money stopped the family from ruin. Her worry in Part I is also what makes her careful with the earnings.
7. Character change. Rama Natha moves from a landlord who left his land empty, to a farmer who cleans it, plants it and grows it, to a wise man who works harder after learning the truth. The last line shows that his change is genuine and lasting.
8. Tone. The author calls his idea "funny" and lets the sage smile twice, so the tone is gentle and humorous, never harsh. The story corrects Rama Natha without humiliating him.

Theme: hard work versus shortcuts. Moral: there is no magic potion for wealth; honest, steady work creates it.

Key vocabulary

2. A Bottle of Dew: solutions

Let us do these activities before we read (p. 1)

I. Circle the matching picture (as the pictures appear in the book)

II. Hard work (personal). Sample: I studied for two weeks for my maths test and solved extra problems every day. It helped me score well and understand the chapter better. I felt proud and confident.

Let us discuss (p. 3)

1. Rama Natha believed that a magic potion existed which could turn any object into gold.
2. The sage told him how the potion could be made. His instructions made Rama Natha plant and care for banana plants, so the sage in fact pushed him towards hard work.
3. Yes, he will. He did not give up even when people cheated him, and the sage allowed him to plant as many plants as he wanted, so he can collect dew over many winters.

Let us discuss (p. 5)

1. Rama Natha was angry because the potion did nothing to the copper vessel. He felt cheated and thought he had wasted six precious years.
2. Rama Natha planted and tended banana plants for years, and Madhumati sold the bananas at the market for a good price. Their hard work and their savings together created the wealth.

Let us think and reflect (pp. 6–7)

I. 1.

• (i) Rama Natha did not give up because he strongly believed that the magic potion existed and was determined to find its secret.
• (ii) Outcomes:

• (iii) A. True. B. False (he was busy chasing the potion and had left his land empty). C. True (the sage wanted to put him on the right path).

I. 2.

• (i) Correct order: B, A, D, C, E, so option (b).
• (ii) The gardener sprinkled some water on it.
• (iii) He might have felt surprised, disappointed, angry and cheated.

II. Answer the questions

1. The sage asked him to plant a banana plant, water it regularly with his own hands, collect the winter dew in a bottle until he had five litres, and then bring it to the sage.
2. The sage wanted Rama Natha to work hard with his own effort. Only by doing the work himself would he learn that effort creates wealth.
3. He cleaned his empty fields, planted rows of banana plants and looked after them carefully. Each year he planted more, and with his wife's help he built a huge plantation in six years.
4. The sage's muttered words did nothing to the copper vessel. Then Madhumati showed a box of gold coins and the sage explained that the money came from the plantation, so there was no magic potion.
5. Before and after:

Let us learn (pp. 8–9)

1. Fill the blanks, in order: huge, luck, difficult, promised, cheated, remember. The two extra words are spending and market.

2. Homophone meanings

3. Sentences with both homophones (personal; choose any four)

• I got some dust in my eye.
• You're late, and your friends are waiting.
• The dew on the grass is due to the cool night.
• The farmer's son sat in the sun all morning.
• I can see the sea from my window.

4. Connecting words

• The children submitted their work before the deadline.
• He did not want to try rock climbing because of his fear of heights.
• The children ran towards the gate as soon as the bell rang.
• Nitin was late to school today as there was a traffic jam.

5. Tongue twister (personal). Sample: Bholu baked big brown biscuits by the busy bus stand.

Let us listen (p. 10)

Transcript order: mother, market, friend Kalawati, a dozen to the friend, decision to go home, the hungry boy, the neighbour. Numbers for the boxes, top to bottom:

Let us speak (pp. 10–11)

I. Sound of 's'

Rule to remember: 's' at the start of a word is usually /s/; 's' at the end of a plural or after a voiced sound is usually /z/.

II. Discussion (personal). Sample answers:

1. Hard work means trying again and again, with full effort, until the job is done.
2. Firstly, I feel it brings success because effort improves skill. Secondly, I think it builds confidence since we see our own progress. Lastly, I believe it earns respect as people value honest effort.
3. To begin with, it is important that you set a small daily goal. Next, you could ask a teacher for help. Finally, I think you should not give up after a failure.

Let us write (pp. 11–12)

1. Eight sentences on a banana (personal; sample). I like to eat a banana during break. It is healthy because it gives energy and is rich in vitamins. The outer covering is yellow when the banana is ripe. The covering feels smooth and soft. When I peel it, the fruit inside is creamy white. The banana smells sweet and fresh. It tastes sweet and creamy. It is a filling snack that is good for children and adults.

2. Script (sample outline).

• Narrator: In a village lived Rama Natha, who was sure that a magic potion could make gold.
• Madhumati: You are wasting our money. Our fields are empty!
• Rama Natha: Do not worry. I will find the secret.
• Sage Mahipati: Plant a banana plant, water it with your own hands and collect the dew. Bring me five litres.
• Rama Natha (after six years): Sage, here is my bottle of dew. (He tries it on the vessel.) Nothing has happened! This is cheating!
• Sage: There is no potion, my son. Your plantation and your wife's work made this gold.
• Rama Natha: I understand. I will work even harder.

Act it with expressions: worry for Madhumati, hope for Rama Natha, a calm smile for the sage.

Let us explore (p. 12)

Varieties commonly grown in India include Grand Naine and Robusta (Cavendish group), Poovan, Nendran, Rasthali and Red banana. This list is from general knowledge; confirm and add details from the National Horticulture Board link given in the book.

3. The Raven and the Fox: meaning and deep analysis

A fox flatters a raven into singing, so the raven drops the food in its beak. The poem warns that pride makes us believe sweet words and lose what we have.

Stanza-wise meaning

Characters

• Mr Raven (Sir Raven): vain, trusting, forgetful of his own limits. Polite titles make him feel important.
• Reynard the Fox: clever, patient, a skilled flatterer who plans his words. Reynard is a traditional name for the fox in European animal tales, which is why the poem reads like a fable.

Deep analysis

1. Flattery is a tool, not a compliment. The Fox never asks the Raven to drop the food. He praises the looks, then makes the praise depend on a condition (sing). The Raven thinks he is being admired, while in fact he is being steered. A good test for flattery is to ask: what does this person want from me?
2. The Raven's real flaw is lack of self-knowledge. The poem says he forgot that his voice was just a croak. The Fox did not make him do something impossible; he only made him forget a fact he already knew. Pride works by switching off our honest view of ourselves.
3. Titles as bait. The Fox calls him Sir, and the poem calls him Mr Raven. These respectful titles are part of the trick: they raise the Raven's status in his own mind before the big praise (King) arrives. The escalation from handsome bird to King shows how flattery grows step by step.
4. Irony. The Raven wished to be king of birds and ends up losing his meal. The cunning Fox, who is the cheat, also becomes the teacher. The teaching is a surprise because it comes from the very one who tricked him.
5. Is the Fox right? He is right in the lesson but not in his method. The poem does not praise tricking others; it shows that trusting every compliment is dangerous. Being proud of your talent is different from being too proud to think clearly.
6. Voice and tone. The narrator is light and playful in stanzas 1 to 3. In stanza 4 the Fox speaks directly, laughs ("Ha-ha!") and moralises. The change from story to lesson is the usual structure of a fable.
7. A fable by Jean de La Fontaine. La Fontaine was a French fabulist of the 17th century who retold animal fables to comment on human behaviour. The Raven stands for the vain person and the Fox for the flatterer.

Poetic devices

Theme: flattery and pride. Moral: do not let sweet words fool you; pride is unwise.

Key vocabulary

4. The Raven and the Fox: solutions

Let us do these activities before we read (p. 13)

• I. Yes, ravens croak like frogs, so a raven's voice is not sweet. This fact matters for the poem.
• II. The animal shown to be cunning in stories is the fox (option 2).

Let us discuss (p. 14)

I. Fill in the blanks

Let us discuss, part II (p. 15): match the words

Let us think and reflect (pp. 15–16)

I. Order the pictures. Follow the story, not the page layout:

1. The Raven walks on the ground holding food in its beak (park scene with a bench and gate).
2. The Fox, seen from behind, looks up at the Raven perched on a branch with the food.
3. The Fox, facing us with its mouth open, speaks and praises the Raven.
4. The Raven has dropped the food and the Fox runs off with it.

Check the numbers against your book's pictures.

II. 1.

• (i) A. shiny and beautiful.
• (ii) The Fox says that if the Raven sang, the birds would be so impressed by his voice and looks that they would make him their King. This is flattery, not a fact.
• (iii) The Fox calls him 'Sir' to show false respect. It makes the Raven feel important so that he trusts the Fox and sings.

II. 2.

• (i) The Raven opened his beak to sing because the praise made him proud and he wanted to be called King.
• (ii) Fox : clever :: Raven : foolish.

III. The Raven forgets because he is filled with pride. The praise blinds him to the truth about his own voice.

IV. Reynard praises his looks and feathers and then says that the birds would call him King if he sang. The Raven believes this and begins to sing.

V. Reynard says pride is not wise because it makes a person believe flattery and act foolishly. The Raven's pride made him lose his food.

VI. The teaching is a surprise because it comes from the Fox, who has just tricked the Raven. (Another reason: the Raven expected to be King and instead lost his meal.)

VII. (personal). Sample: I would say thank you politely, but I would not believe everything. I would think about why the person is praising me and stay modest.

Let us learn (pp. 16–17)

I. Rhyming words

II. Alliteration in stanza 2: woods would (both begin with the /w/ sound).

III. Opposites (extra words: happy, silly)

Sentences (personal; any four).

• The sparrow perched on the wall, then flew away.
• I remembered my keys but forgot my lunch box.
• A wise person shows humility.
• The baby cried when the dog barked, but laughed a minute later.

Let us listen (p. 18)

Let us speak (p. 18)

Sample story with a different ending. This is a story about a clever fox named Reynard and Mr Raven. One day Mr Raven sat on a branch holding a piece of food. Reynard saw it and praised his feathers and said that he would be King if he sang. Mr Raven smiled, but he remembered his croaking voice. He held the food firmly in his claw and said nothing. Reynard waited, then walked away hungry. Mr Raven enjoyed his meal and learnt that kind words are not always true.

Let us write (p. 18)

Sample conversation.

• Reynard: Good morning, Mr Raven! You seem to be awake so early!
• (Mr Raven just nods his head.)
• Reynard: Oh, Mr Raven, you look so handsome today! What shiny feathers!
• (Mr Raven looks proud and shakes his feathers.)
• Reynard: If you sang, the birds would crown you King!
• (Mr Raven thinks for a moment, holds the food tighter and shakes his head.)
• Reynard: Hmm, I will go find my breakfast elsewhere.

Remember: the Raven has food in his mouth, so write only actions for him, as the book instructs.

Let us explore (p. 19)

Stick puppets: the fox is made from orange paper folded into a pointed face, with eyes, a nose and ears added and a stick taped behind. The raven is made from black paper or clay: an oval body, a small head, a triangular beak and wings, fixed on a stick. Use the puppets while narrating the story.

5. Rama to the Rescue: summary and deep analysis

A husband and wife trap a thief by pretending to pick a name for their child, so that the village kotwal, who is also named Rama, comes to the house. Calm thinking beats force.

Summary

One night in a village, a couple are about to sleep when they hear someone trying to get into their house. Soon the noise stops and they realise a thief has entered, probably slipping past the village kotwal, Rama. The thief, hidden nearby, thinks: they are awake, so I must wait until they sleep, and I wonder where they keep their money. The husband whispers a plan. He and his wife begin to discuss what to name their child and decide that a boy will be called Rama. He says he will call the name softly when the boy is in the house, a little louder in the yard, and very loudly in the street. The thief grows annoyed, wishing they would talk about money or fall asleep. Then the wife and husband call out "Rama!" aloud. The real Rama, the village kotwal, hears his name, runs to the house, finds a hole dug through the wall and catches the thief. The couple's clever plan has saved them.

Story map

Deep analysis

1. Cleverness over strength. The couple do not fight, shout for help or run. A direct call for help might have scared the thief into attacking. Instead they use a harmless-sounding conversation, so the danger is removed without anyone being hurt.
2. Dramatic irony. The reader knows what the thief does not: the chat about the baby is a trap. The thief hears every word but misreads it as silly talk, which makes the story funny and tense at the same time.
3. A double meaning. "Rama" is the imaginary child's name and also the kotwal's name. The couple use a word that sounds natural in a family conversation but works as a call for help. This is the heart of the plan.
4. The thief's greed defeats him. He keeps waiting because he wants to find the money. His thoughts move from "wait till they sleep" to "stop this silly game" and finally to "fall asleep at least". His patience and greed keep him in the house until the kotwal arrives.
5. Escalating volume as a plot device. The names go from soft to loud to very loud as the distance grows (house, yard, street). The comic shows this with large, growing letters trailing the running kotwal, so the reader can see the sound travelling.
6. The kotwal does his job well. He reacts at once to his name, runs to the right house, notices the hole in the wall, understands that a thief has dug in and acts. Quick response and sharp observation make him a good officer.
7. Ordinary people as heroes. The couple have no names, so they stand for any family. This is common in folk tales, where the lesson belongs to everyone.
8. Medium matters. The story is told as a comic (Amar Chitra Katha). Speech bubbles carry dialogue, thought bubbles reveal the thief's mind, and sound words such as "Ssssh!" help us hear the scene. Pictures show the hole in the wall, which the text does not need to explain.

Theme: presence of mind. Moral: cleverness and calm thinking can solve problems and keep us safe.

Safety link (Let us listen)

The security-guard announcement connects the story to real life: lock doors and windows at night, tell adults about anything suspicious, do not talk to strangers or take things from them, and call the emergency number for help. The book gives 100 for the police. India also has the all-in-one emergency number 112, so ask your teacher or parents which numbers to remember.

Key vocabulary

6. Rama to the Rescue: solutions

Let us do these activities before we read (pp. 20–21)

• I. The three people are a police officer, a doctor and a firefighter. The police protect us from thieves and danger, the doctor treats illness and injury, and the firefighter puts out fires and rescues people.
• II. The word 'rescue' means to save someone (option 2).
• III. Tick 1 (a man stuck in a burning building) and 3 (a dog with a hurt leg). Item 4 (a tree being cut down) can also be ticked, since the tree needs to be saved. Do not tick 2, as a woman buying vegetables is in no danger.
• IV (personal). In Hindi a policeman is called sipahi, thanedar or daroga. Write the word from your own language.
• V (personal). Sample: I will first stay calm and try to solve the problem myself; if I cannot, I will call an adult. Option (iii), thinking quickly about ways to solve the problem, is the best choice, because worry or anger does not help.

Let us discuss (pp. 22–25)

I. Odd one out (p. 22)

1. Characters: husband, wife, children. The story has no children, only talk about a future child.
2. Who entered the house? guest. The robber and the kotwal both entered; no guest did.

I. True or False (p. 23)

1. The man tells his plan to his wife: True (he says he will tell her and asks her to listen).
2. The thief wants to know where they kept their jewels: False (he wants to find their money).

p. 24. 1. Call out 'Rama' softly, loudly and very loudly with your classmates. 2. Prediction: the kotwal will hear his name, run to the house and catch the thief.

I. Match the words (p. 25)

II. Story map (p. 26). Main characters: the husband and wife. Setting: a village, at night, inside the couple's house. Other characters: the thief and Rama, the kotwal. Problem: a thief digs into the house while the couple are awake. Solution: the couple pretend to talk about naming a child Rama and call the name aloud; the kotwal Rama hears it and arrests the thief.

Let us think and reflect (pp. 26–27)

I. 1.

• (i) The man says the first line because he sees his wife listening intently and wants to know what is wrong.
• (ii) 'Ssssh' means D. be silent.
• (iii) She asks the man to listen, and she notices the exact moment when the noise stops and says the thief must have got in. This shows she was listening very carefully.

I. 2.

• (i) The villagers caught the thief and took him to the kotwal.
• (ii) 'Oh, Oh!' shows A. surprise.
• (iii) The kotwal ran at once when he heard his name, noticed the hole in the wall, understood that a thief had dug in, and caught him. This shows he was alert, quick and observant.

II. They could not sleep because they heard somebody trying to get into their house, so they were afraid and alert.

III. The thief wished that they would stop their silly game and talk about their money, or at least fall asleep. It did not happen; they kept calling 'Rama' until the kotwal came.

IV. They pretended to discuss a name for their child and called 'Rama' louder and louder. The village kotwal, whose name is Rama, thought someone was calling him, ran to their house and arrested the thief.

V. Yes. Cleverness helps us find safe ways out of trouble. The couple avoided a fight and stayed safe by thinking quickly.

Let us learn (pp. 27–31)

I. Missing letters

Blanks: 1. I am feeling so sleepy. 2. It is a thief. 3. They are awake.

II. Contractions (sentences are personal samples)

III. Present progressive. Sentences 1 to 5 refer to actions that are going on at the time of speaking.

IV. Fill in the blanks

1. I am studying in Grade 6.
2. My friend is reading a story book.
3. We are playing a board game.
4. I am learning a new language.
5. The teachers are sitting in the staff room.
6. My mother is cooking food in the kitchen.

V. Picture

1. Govind and Anu are playing football.
2. Pema is picking flowers.
3. Anil is holding the score card.
4. The mother is reading a book.
5. The dog is trying to catch the ball.
6. The birds are flying in the sky.

VI. Adverbs table: B. softly; C. loudly (very loudly). Adverbs give more information about the verb, such as how, when or where.

VII. First box (extra words: warmly, funnily)

1. He solved the mathematics problem quickly.
2. The car moved smoothly along the highway.
3. The musician played the guitar beautifully.
4. Shobha danced gracefully.
5. Rohit left the house hurriedly.

VIII. Second box (extra words: brightly, angrily). In order: peacefully, slowly, tirelessly, honestly, sweetly.

IX. Feelings and questions: (i) tiredness (ii) relief (iii) questions.

X. Punctuate

1. Wow, what an intelligent man he is! (exclamatory)
2. Oh, how big the hole is! (exclamatory)
3. Do you like to read comic books? (interrogative)
4. What is your favourite story? (interrogative)

Let us listen (p. 32)

Fill the blanks in order: 1. robbery 2. adults 3. safety 4. 100.

Let us speak (pp. 32–33)

I. Pronounce the contractions aloud with your teacher. Use contracted forms while speaking and expanded forms while writing.

II. 1. Reasons to keep house and self safe. Tick: (i) to be safe from injury, (ii) to keep family members and pets safe, (iii) to stop accidents from happening, (v) to stop robbery. Do not tick the doctor visit, the electricity bill or saving money.

II. 2. Sentence (sample). I think it's important because a safe home protects everyone in it. I feel it's necessary as accidents and robberies can harm families.

II. 3. Ideas (sample). I think they should lock doors and windows at night. They must not open the door to strangers. It might be better to tell an adult about anything unusual.

Let us write (p. 34)

Sample, as the man, to the neighbour. My wife and I were about to go to sleep last night when we heard someone trying to break into our house. When: last night, just before bed. Where: in our house in the village. What: a thief dug through the wall and came in. How: we pretended to discuss a name for our child and called 'Rama' louder and louder. Why: we wanted the kotwal, Rama, to hear us and catch the thief without a fight. Rama came running and arrested him, and we were safe.

Let us explore (pp. 34–35)

1. Who to call. Confirm these with your teacher or parents.

2. Maze. This is a pencil-tracing puzzle; start at the kotwal at the top left and find a path to the thief at the bottom right. I could not trace it reliably from the page, so please solve it by hand.

7. Comparing the three texts and preparing for exams

All three texts turn on a trick made of words, but the trick has a different purpose each time: it teaches, it harms, and it protects. Seeing this pattern gives you a ready answer for most comparison questions.

Three tricks, three outcomes

Ideas that run through the unit

• Weakness invites a trick. Rama Natha's belief in magic, the Raven's pride and the thief's greed each give the trickster something to use.
• Words are powerful. In every text a few words change what happens: the sage's recipe, the Fox's praise and the couple's call of "Rama".
• Honest effort beats shortcuts. The potion, the Raven's wish to be King and the thief's wish for easy money are all shortcuts that fail.
• Stay calm and think. Madhumati's patience, the couple's calm plan and the kotwal's quick action show that clear thinking is a strength.

Likely exam questions with model answers

1. What is the moral of A Bottle of Dew? Wealth comes from hard work and not from magic. Rama Natha and Madhumati became rich by growing and selling bananas for six years.
2. Why did the sage play a trick on Rama Natha? Rama Natha was so sure about the potion that he would not have believed a plain talk. The sage used his belief to make him work, and then revealed the truth.
3. Write a character sketch of Madhumati. She is practical, caring and hard-working. She worried when her husband wasted money, helped him on the farm, sold the bananas at a good price and kept the gold safe.
4. How did the Fox trick the Raven? He praised the Raven's looks and feathers and said that the birds would call him King if he sang. The proud Raven forgot his croaking voice, opened his beak and the food fell.
5. Which lesson does the Fox give at the end? Do not trust sweet words that make you proud, because pride is unwise.
6. How did the couple save themselves from the thief? They pretended to plan a name for their child and called out 'Rama' louder each time. The kotwal named Rama heard it, came and caught the thief.
7. Why is the kotwal a good example of a responsible person? He responded at once, noticed the hole in the wall, understood the danger and caught the thief.
8. Short notes: homophones (same sound, different spelling and meaning: eye and I); alliteration (repeated starting sound: great big beak); contractions (I'm, it's, they're use an apostrophe for the missing letter); adverbs (tell how, when or where an action happens).

Quick study plan

1. Read each text once for the story and once for the lessons in the analysis sections.
2. Learn the vocabulary tables and use each word in a sentence of your own.
3. Write the personal answers (Let us speak and Let us write) in your own words; the samples show the format, not the only right answer.
4. Practise grammar by re-doing the exercises without looking at the answers, then check.